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Frank O. Bastian
Frank O. Bastian is a medical doctor and biologist at Louisiana State University.〔http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/communications/authors/FBastian.htm〕 He specializes in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which includes, but is not limited to, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) "Mad cow disease" in cattle, scrapie in sheep and goats, and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. He challenges the widely popular theory that the TSEs are caused by prions, which are composed entirely of misfolded proteins. He claims instead that the TSEs are caused by an extremely small, cell wall deficient bacterium called ''Spiroplasma''. The lack of a cell wall means it is not susceptible to most common antibiotics such as penicillin, which target cell wall synthesis. Bastian first found ''Spiroplasma'' in the brain of a CJD patient in an autopsy in 1979.〔https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/389196〕 He later demonstrated that ''Spiroplasma mirum'' strain SMCA (suckling mouse cataract agent) induces a microcystic spongiform encephalopathy in suckling rats that is similar to rat CJD. In 2007 he isolated ''Spiroplasma'' from scrapie and Chronic wasting disease (a TSE affecting deer, elk, and moose, abbreviated CWD), cultured them, and inoculated them into sheep and deer. The scrapie and CWD ''Spiroplasma'' isolates caused a spongiform encephalopathy identical to scrapie and CWD.〔http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17761489〕 There was no immune cross-reactivity between ''Spiroplasma mirum'' and the scrapie or CWD isolates, suggesting that a novel ''Spiroplasma'' is involved in TSE.〔http://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/crossroads-in-research-on-neurodegenerative-diseases-2161-0460.1000141.pdf〕 In 2014 he discovered that ''Spiroplasma'' forms biofilms which give them significant resistance to radiation, heat, and disinfectants. He, along with Laura Manuelidis of Yale University, who claims that the TSEs are caused by an as yet undiscovered virus, are two of the main sceptics of the prion theory.
==References==
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